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The ''Levée en masse'' ((:ləve ɑ̃ mɑs)) or, in English, "mass levy" or "mass uprising")〔Schivelbusch, W. 2004, The Culture of Defeat, London: Granta Books, p.8〕 was the policy of military conscription adopted in the aftermath of the French Revolution of 1789. The term may also be applied to other historical examples of conscription.〔Christopher Catherwood, Leslie Alan Horvitz Encyclopedia of War Crimes and Genocide - Page 279 - 2006 "A levée does not refer to an uprising by people against its own government but instead entails organized resistance against an invader. Levée en masse implies that the population takes up arms already in its possession and that this uprising.. "〕 The concept originated as a French term for mass-conscription during the French Revolutionary Wars, particularly for the period after 16 August 1793.〔Perry, Marvin, Joseph R. Peden, and Theodore H. Von Laue. "The Jacobin Regime." Sources of the Western Tradition: From the Renaissance to the Present. 4th ed. Vol. 2. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999. 108. Print. Sources of the Western Tradition.〕 It formed an integral part of the creation of national identity, making it unique from forms of conscription which had existed before this date. == Terminology == The term ''Levée en masse'' denotes a short-term requisition of all able-bodied men to defend the nation and its rise as a military tactic may be viewed in connection with the political events and developing ideology in revolutionary France, particularly the new concept of the democratic citizen as opposed to a royal subject. Central to the understanding that developed (and was promoted by the authorities) of the ''Levée'' is the idea that the new political rights given to the mass of the French people also created new obligations to the state. As the nation now understood itself as a community of ''all'' people, its defense also was assumed to become a responsibility of ''all''. Thus, the ''Levée en masse'' was created and understood as a means to defend the nation by the nation. Historically, the ''Levée en masse'' heralded the age of the people's war and displaced restricted forms of warfare, such as the cabinet wars (1715–1792), when armies of professional soldiers fought without the general participation of the population. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Levée en masse」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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